Na manumalo le Lithium Battery i le 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry!

O le 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry na tuuina atu ia John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, ma Akira Yoshino mo a latou sao i le tulaga o maa lithium.

Toe tepa i tua i le 1901-2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
I le 1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "Na maua le tulafono o kinetics kemisi ma le mamafa osmotic o le fofo."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Siamani): "Galue i le tuufaatasia o suka ma purines."

I le 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "Fautuaina le talitonuga o le ionization."

I le 1904, Sir William Ramsey (UK): "Na maua elemene kasa mamalu i le ea ma fuafua lo latou tulaga i le laulau taimi o elemene."

I le 1905, Adolf von Bayer (Siamani): "O le suʻesuʻega i vailaʻau faʻalaʻau ma vailaʻau manogi faʻafefeteina na faʻamalosia ai le atinaʻeina o kemisi faʻalaʻau ma le pisinisi kemisi."

I le 1906, Henry Moissan (Farani): "Suʻesuʻe ma vavae ese le elemene fluorine, ma faʻaaogaina le ogaumu eletise na faaigoa ia te ia."

1907, Edward Buchner (Siamani): "Galue i suʻesuʻega faʻaolaola ma le mauaina o le faʻaogaina o le cell-free Fermentation."

I le 1908, Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Suʻesuʻega i le suiga o elemene ma le radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Siamani): "Suʻesuʻega galuega i le catalysis ma mataupu faavae o le paleni vailaʻau ma fua faʻatatau o vailaʻau."

I le 1910, Otto Wallach (Siamani): "O le galuega paionia i le fanua o alicyclic compounds na faʻalauteleina le atinaʻeina o kemisi faʻalaʻau ma le gaosiga o vailaʻau."

I le 1911, Marie Curie (Polani): "na maua elemene o le radium ma le polonium, faʻamamaina le radium ma suʻesuʻeina meatotino o lenei elemene mataʻina ma ona faʻapotopotoga."

I le 1912, Victor Grignard (Farani): "Na faia le Grignard reagent";

Paul Sabatier (Farani): "Na fatuina le auala e faʻaogaina ai le hydrogenation o faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa i le i ai o le paʻu uʻamea lelei."

I le 1913, Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "O le suʻesuʻega o fesoʻotaʻiga atomika i molelaʻau, aemaise lava i le matata o kemisi inorganic."

I le 1914, Theodore William Richards (United States): "Saʻo le filifiliga o le mamafa atomika o se numera tele o elemene kemisi."

I le 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Siamani): "O le suʻesuʻeina o pigments laau, aemaise lava le suʻesuʻeina o le chlorophyll."

I le 1916, e leai ni faailoga na tuuina atu.

I le 1917, e leai ni faailoga na tuuina atu.

I le 1918, Fritz Haber Siamani "suʻesuʻe i le tuʻufaʻatasia o le ammonia mai mea faigofie."

I le 1919, e leai ni faailoga na tuuina atu.

1920, Walter Nernst (Siamani): "O le suʻesuʻega o le thermochemistry."

I le 1921, Frederick Soddy (UK): "Saofa'i i le malamalama o tagata i mea tau kemisi o mea leitio, ma le suʻesuʻeina o le amataga ma meatotino o isotopes."

I le 1922, Francis Aston (UK): "O se numera tele o isotopes o elemene e le o le leitio na maua i le faʻaaogaina o se spectrometer tele, ma na faʻamalamalamaina le tulafono o numera."

I le 1923, Fritz Pregel (Auseteria): "Fausia le metotia microanalysis o mea faʻapipiʻi."

I le 1924, e leai ni faailoga na tuuina atu.

I le 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Siamani): "Faamalamalama le natura heterogeneous o colloidal solutions ma faia ni metotia suʻesuʻe faʻatatau."

I le 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Suʻesuʻe i faiga faʻapitoa."

I le 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Siamani): "Suʻesuʻega i luga o le fausaga o gaʻo talo ma mea e fesoʻotai i ai."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Siamani): "Suʻesuʻe i le fausaga o steroids ma a latou sootaga ma vitamini."

I le 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Siamani): "Suʻesuʻega i le faʻafefeteina o suka ma enzymes faʻafefe."

1930, Hans Fischer (Siamani): "O le suʻesuʻega o le tuʻufaʻatasiga o le heme ma le chlorophyll, aemaise lava le suʻesuʻega o le tuʻufaʻatasiga o le heme."

I le 1931, Karl Bosch (Siamani), Friedrich Bergius (Siamani): "Fufuaina ma le atinaʻeina o tekonolosi vailaʻau maualuga."

I le 1932, Irving Lanmere (USA): "Suʻesuʻega ma Suʻesuʻega o le Kemisi Laupapa."

I le 1933, e leai ni faailoga na tuuina atu.

I le 1934, na maua ai e Harold Clayton Yuri (Amerika): "na maua le hydrogen mamafa."

I le 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (Farani), Irene Yorio-Curie (Farani): "Fausia elemene leitio fou."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "Malamalama i le fausaga mole e ala i le suʻesuʻeina o taimi dipole ma le fevaevaeaʻiga o X-ray ma electrons i kasa."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Suʻesuʻega i Carbohydrates ma Vitamin C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Suʻesuʻega i carotenoids, flavin, vitamini A ma vitamini B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Siamani): "Suʻesuʻega i carotenoids ma vitamini."

I le 1939, Adolf Butnant (Siamani): "Suʻesuʻega i hormones feusuaʻiga";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Suʻesuʻega ile polymethylene ma maualuga terpenes."

I le 1940, e leai ni faailoga na tuuina atu.

I le 1941, e leai ni faailoga na tuuina atu.

I le 1942, e leai ni faailoga na tuuina atu.

I le 1943, George Dehevesi (Hanikeri): "Isotopes e faʻaaogaina e fai ma suʻesuʻega i suʻesuʻega o vailaʻau faʻasolosolo."

I le 1944, Otto Hahn (Siamani): "Saili le fission o mamafa faaniukilia."

I le 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Suʻesuʻega ma mea fou o faʻatoʻaga ma meaʻai kemisi, aemaise lava le auala o le teuina o meaʻai."

I le 1946, James B. Sumner (USA): "Na maua o enzymes e mafai ona tioata";

John Howard Northrop (United States), Wendell Meredith Stanley (United States): "Saunia enzymes maualuga-mama ma polotini viral."

I le 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (Peretania): "Suʻesuʻega i luga o laau toto o loʻo taua tele, aemaise lava alkaloids."

I le 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Suʻesuʻega i luga o le electrophoresis ma le suʻesuʻeina o le adsorption, aemaise lava i le natura lavelave o serum proteins."

I le 1949, William Geok (United States): "Saofaga i le fanua o kemisi thermodynamics, aemaise lava le suʻesuʻeina o mea i lalo o le vevela ultra-maualalo."

I le 1950, Otto Diels (Siamani i Sisifo), Kurt Alder (Siamani i Sisifo): "na maua ma atiina ae le metotia o le diene synthesis."

I le 1951, Edwin Macmillan (United States), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (United States): "na maua elemene transuranic."

I le 1952, Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "Na faia le chromatography vaeluaga."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (Siamani i Sisifo): "Suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega i le matata o le kemisi polymer."

1954, Linus Pauling (USA): "O le suʻesuʻeina o mea totino o fusi faʻamalosi ma lona faʻaogaina i le faʻamalamalamaina o le fausaga o mea faʻalavelave."

I le 1955, Vincent Divinho (USA): "Suʻesuʻega i luga o le sulfur-containing compounds o le taua o le biochemical, aemaise le faʻaogaina o hormones peptide mo le taimi muamua."

I le 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) ma Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Suʻesuʻega i luga o le faiga o gaioiga faʻainisinia."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "E galue i le suʻesuʻeina o nucleotides ma nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "O le suʻesuʻega o le fausaga o le porotini ma le tuufaatasiga, aemaise lava le suʻesuʻeina o le inisalini."

I le 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Czech Republic): "maua ma atiina ae le metotia o suʻesuʻega polarographic."

I le 1960, Willard Libby (United States): "Na atiaʻe se metotia mo tafaoga faamasani e faʻaaoga ai le carbon 14 isotope, lea e masani ona faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega, geology, geophysics, ma isi aʻoga."

1961, Melvin Calvin (United States): "Suʻesuʻega i le faʻaaogaina o le carbon dioxide e laau."

I le 1962, Max Perutz UK ma John Kendrew UK "suesuega i le fausaga o polotini spherical."

1963, Carl Ziegler (Siamani i Sisifo), Gurio Natta (Italia): "Suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega i le fanua o polymer kemisi ma tekinolosi."

I le 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "Faʻaaogaina tekinolosi X-ray e suʻesuʻe ai le fausaga o nisi mea taua o mea olaola."

I le 1965, Robert Burns Woodward (USA): "Faʻailoga Mataʻina i Faʻasologa Faʻasologa."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Suʻesuʻega faʻavae i luga o fusi vailaʻau ma le fausaga faʻaeletoroni o molelaʻau e faʻaaoga ai le molecular orbital method."

I le 1967, Manfred Eigen (Siamani i Sisifo), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "Faʻaaogaina o se pusi malosi puʻupuʻu e faapaleni ai le tali O le auala o le faʻalavelave, o le suʻesuʻeina o gaioiga faʻainisinia maualuga."

I le 1968, Lars Onsager (USA): "maua le sootaga faʻafeiloaʻi na faaigoa ia te ia, faʻavaeina le faavae mo le thermodynamics o faiga e le mafai ona faʻaaogaina."

I le 1969, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Nouei): "Atiae le manatu o le conformation ma lona faaaogaina i le kemisi."

I le 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Atenitina): "maua nucleotides suka ma latou matafaioi i le biosynthesis o carbohydrates."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Kanata): "Suʻesuʻega i luga o le fausaga faaeletonika ma geometry o molecules, aemaise radical free."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (Amerika): "Suʻesuʻega i le ribonuclease, aemaise lava le suʻesuʻeina o le sootaga i le va o le faʻasologa o le amino acid ma le faʻaogaina o le biologically active";

Stanford Moore (United States), William Howard Stein (United States): "Suʻesuʻe i le sootaga i le va o le catalytic gaoioiga o le nofoaga autu o le ribonuclease mole ma lona fausaga kemisi."

I le 1973, Ernst Otto Fischer (Siamani i Sisifo) ma Jeffrey Wilkinson (Peretania): "Suʻesuʻega paionia i mea tau vailaʻau o mea faʻapipiʻi uʻamea-organic, e taʻua foi o sanuisi sanuisi."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Suʻesuʻega faʻavae i le aʻoaʻoga ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga o polymer physical chemistry."

1975, John Conforth (Peretania): "Suʻesuʻe i le stereochemistry o enzyme-catalyzed reactions."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Suʻesuʻe i le stereochemistry o molelaʻau faʻaletino ma tali";

1976, William Lipscomb (United States): "O le suʻesuʻeina o le fausaga o le borane na faʻamatalaina ai le faʻafitauli o le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau."

I le 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Saofaʻi i le thermodynamics le paleni, aemaise lava le talitonuga o le fausaga faʻaleagaina."

I le 1978, Peter Mitchell (UK): "O le faʻaaogaina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau e fesoasoani i le malamalama i le faʻaliliuina o le malosi o meaola."

I le 1979, Herbert Brown (USA) ma Georg Wittig (Siamani i Sisifo): "Atiae boron-o loʻo i ai ma phosphorus-o loʻo iai faʻatasi e avea ma mea taua i le faʻaogaina o meaola, faʻasologa."

I le 1980, Paul Berg (Amerika): "O le suʻesuʻega o le biochemistry o nucleic acids, aemaise lava le suʻesuʻeina o DNA recombinant";

Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Metotia mo le Faʻatulagaina o Faʻasologa o le DNA i Nucleic Acids."

I le 1981, Kenichi Fukui (Iapani) ma Rod Hoffman (USA): "Faʻamatala le tupu mai o gaioiga faʻamaʻi e ala i lo latou atinaʻeina tutoʻatasi o aʻoaʻoga."

I le 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "Atiae tioata electron microscopy ma suʻesuʻeina le fausaga o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi-protein nucleic faʻatasi ma le taua taua o meaola."

I le 1983, Henry Taub (USA): "Suʻesuʻega i luga o le faiga o faʻaliliuga eletise eletise aemaise lava i faʻalavelave uʻamea."

I le 1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "Atiae se metotia faʻapipiʻi vailaʻau faʻamalosi."

I le 1985, Herbert Hauptman (Amerika), Jerome Carr (Amerika): "O taunuʻuga mataʻina i le atinaʻeina o auala tuusaʻo mo le fuafuaina o le fausaga tioata."

I le 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (Amerika), Li Yuanzhe (Amerika), John Charles Polanyi (Kanata): "Sao i le suʻesuʻeina o le kinetic process of elementary reactions chemical."

I le 1987, Donald Kramm (United States), Jean-Marie Lane (Farani), Charles Pedersen (United States): "Atiae ma faʻaaogaina mole mole e mafai ona filifili faʻapitoa-faʻapitoa fegalegaleaiga."

I le 1988, John Dysenhofer (Siamani i Sisifo), Robert Huber (Siamani i Sisifo), Hartmut Michel (Siamani i Sisifo): "Faamoemoega o le fausaga tolu-dimensional o le nofoaga autu tali photosynthetic."

I le 1989, Sydney Altman (Kanata), Thomas Cech (USA): "maua le catalytic meatotino o le RNA."

I le 1990, Elias James Corey (United States): "Atiaʻe le aʻoaʻoga ma metotia o le faʻaogaina o meaola."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Saofaʻi i le atinaʻeina o auala maualuga faʻamaneta faaniukilia resonance (NMR) spectroscopy."

I le 1992, Rudolph Marcus (USA): "Saofaʻi i le talitonuga o tali eletise eletise i faiga faʻainisinia."

I le 1993, Kelly Mullis (USA): "Atiae le DNA-faʻavae suʻesuʻega vailaʻau ma atinaʻe le polymerase chain reaction (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Kanata): "Atiae DNA-faʻavae suʻesuʻega vailaʻau, ma saofagā i le faʻavaeina o le oligonucleotide-faʻatonuina le mutagenesis ma lona sao taua i le atinaʻeina o suʻesuʻega porotini."

I le 1994, George Andrew Euler (Amerika): "Saofaga i le suʻesuʻega o kemisi carbocation."

I le 1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), Mario Molina (US), Frank Sherwood Rowland (US): "Suʻesuʻega i kemisi o le ea, aemaise lava suʻesuʻega i le fausiaina ma le decomposition o le ozone."

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "Discover fullerene."

I le 1997, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Tenimaka): "Faʻamalamalamaina le enzymatic catalytic mechanism i le faʻaogaina o adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

I le 1998, Walter Cohen (USA): "faʻavaeina aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa galue";

John Pope (UK): Atia'e metotia fa'akomipiuta ile quantum chemistry.

I le 1999, Yamid Ziwell (Aikupito): "Suʻesuʻe i le suiga o setete o gaioiga faʻasolosolo e faʻaaoga ai femtosecond spectroscopy."

I le 2000, Alan Haig (Amerika), McDelmead (Amerika), Hideki Shirakawa (Iapani): "maua ma atiina ae polymers conductive."

I le 2001, William Standish Knowles (US) ma Noyori Ryoji (Iapani): "Suʻesuʻega ile Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (USA): "Suʻesuʻe ile Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

I le 2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) ma Koichi Tanaka (Iapani): "Atinae auala mo le faailoagofieina ma le auiliiliga o le fausaga o meaola macromolecules, ma faatuina se auala vaivai desorption ionization mo le tele o spectrometry suesuega o macromolecules biological" ;

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Atinae auala mo le faailoagofieina ma le auʻiliʻiliga faʻatulagaina o meaola macromolecules, ma faʻavaeina se metotia mo le suʻesuʻeina o le tolu-dimensional fausaga o meaola macromolecules i vaifofo e ala i le faʻaogaina o le spectroscopy resonance faaniukilia."

I le 2003, Peter Agre (USA): "O le suʻesuʻeina o alavai ion i totonu o sela sela na maua ai ala vai";

Roderick McKinnon (United States): "O le suʻesuʻeina o ala o le ion i totonu o sela sela, suʻesuʻega o le fausaga o le alalaupapa ma le masini."

I le 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Isaraelu), Avram Hershko (Isaraelu), Owen Ross (US): "maua ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation."

I le 2005, Yves Chauvin (Farani), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Atiae le metotia o metathesis i le faʻaogaina o meaola."

I le 2006, Roger Kornberg (USA): "Suʻesuʻega i luga o le mole mole faavae o le eukaryotic transcription."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Siamani): "Suʻesuʻega i le faʻagasologa o vailaʻau o luga o luga."

I le 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Iapani), Martin Chalfie (Amerika), Qian Yongjian (United States): "Na maua ma suia le polotini fluorescent lanu meamata (GFP)."

I le 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Isaraelu): "Suʻesuʻega i le fausaga ma le gaioiga o ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Iapani), Suzuki Akira (Iapani): "Suʻesuʻega ile Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Organic Synthesis."

I le 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Isaraelu): "O le mauaina o quasicrystals."

I le 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (United States): "Suʻesuʻega ile G protein-coupled receptors."

I le 2013, Martin Capras (United States), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: Fausia faʻataʻitaʻiga tele-fua mo faiga faʻalavelave faʻalavelave.

I le 2014, Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Siamani), William Esko Molnar (Amerika): Ausia i le fanua o le super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

I le 2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), Aziz Sanjar (Turkey): Suʻesuʻega i le masini feaveaʻi o le toe faaleleia o DNA.

I le 2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (Farani), James Fraser Stuart (UK/US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Fuafuaga ma le tuufaatasia o masini mole.

I le 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Siamani), Richard Henderson (UK): atiaʻe cryo-electron microscopes mo le faʻamautuina o le fausaga maualuga o biomolecules i fofo.

O le afa o le 2018 faʻailoga na tuʻuina atu i le saienitisi Amerika Frances H. Arnold (Farani H. Arnold) i le amanaiaina o lona iloaina o le faʻatonuina o le evolusione o enzymes; o le isi afa na tuʻuina atu i saienitisi Amerika (George P. Smith) ma le saienitisi Peretania Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) i le faʻaaloalo Na latou iloa le tekinolosi faʻaalia o le phage o peptides ma antibodies.