- 12v Lithium Battery
- 24v Lithium Battery
- 36v Lithium Battery
- 48v Lithium Battery
Fa'aaufa'atasiga Ma'a
- Pi'o Lithium Polymer ma'a
- Ma'a Polymer Fa'atosina vave
- Ma'a Lithium Polymer Flexible
- Ma'a Polymer Ultra- manifinifi
");mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,");mask-mode:alpha;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-size:contain;mask-size:contain;}}.wp-block-image :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid;}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid;}.wp-block-image figure{margin:0;}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0;}to{opacity:1;}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible;}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible;}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{transform:translate(calc(( -100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width) ) / 2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));}to{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);visibility:visible;}99%{visibility:visible;}to{transform:translate(calc(( -100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width) ) / 2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden;}}ol.wp-block-latest-comments{box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:0;}.has-dates :where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height])),.has-excerpts :where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height])){line-height:1.5;}.wp-block-latest-comments .wp-block-latest-comments{padding-left:0;}.wp-block-latest-comments__comment{list-style:none;margin-bottom:1em;}.has-avatars .wp-block-latest-comments__comment{list-style:none;min-height:2.25em;}.has-avatars .wp-block-latest-comments__comment .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt,.has-avatars .wp-block-latest-comments__comment .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-meta{margin-left:3.25em;}.wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt p{font-size:.875em;margin:.36em 0 1.4em;}.wp-block-latest-comments__comment-date{display:block;font-size:.75em;}.wp-block-latest-comments .avatar,.wp-block-latest-comments__comment-avatar{border-radius:1.5em;display:block;float:left;height:2.5em;margin-right:.75em;width:2.5em;}.wp-block-latest-comments[class*=-font-size] a,.wp-block-latest-comments[style*=font-size] a{font-size:inherit;}.wp-block-latest-posts{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignleft{margin-right:2em;}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignright{margin-left:2em;}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list{list-style:none;padding-left:0;}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list li{clear:both;}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:0;}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid li{margin:0 1.25em 1.25em 0;width:100%;}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-author,.wp-block-latest-posts__post-date{display:block;font-size:.8125em;}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em;}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image a{display:inline-block;}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image img{height:auto;max-width:100%;width:auto;}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignleft{float:left;margin-right:1em;}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignright{float:right;margin-left:1em;}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.aligncenter{margin-bottom:1em;text-align:center;}ol{box-sizing:border-box;}ol.has-background,ul.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;}.wp-block-media-text{box-sizing:border-box;direction:ltr;display:grid;grid-template-columns:50% 1fr;grid-template-rows:auto;}.wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right{grid-template-columns:1fr 50%;}.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-top .wp-block-media-text__content,.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-top .wp-block-media-text__media{align-self:start;}.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content,.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__media,.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-center .wp-block-media-text__content,.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-center .wp-block-media-text__media{align-self:center;}.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-bottom .wp-block-media-text__content,.wp-block-media-text.is-vertically-aligned-bottom .wp-block-media-text__media{align-self:end;}.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__media{grid-column:1;grid-row:1;margin:0;}.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content{direction:ltr;grid-column:2;grid-row:1;padding:0 8%;word-break:break-word;}.wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__media{grid-column:2;grid-row:1;}.wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__content{grid-column:1;grid-row:1;}.wp-block-media-text__media img,.wp-block-media-text__media video{height:auto;max-width:unset;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;}.wp-block-media-text.is-image-fill .wp-block-media-text__media{background-size:cover;height:100%;min-height:250px;}.wp-block-media-text.is-image-fill .wp-block-media-text__media>a{display:block;height:100%;}.wp-block-media-text.is-image-fill .wp-block-media-text__media img{height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;}.wp-block-navigation{position:relative;--navigation-layout-justification-setting:flex-start;--navigation-layout-direction:row;--navigation-layout-wrap:wrap;--navigation-layout-justify:flex-start;--navigation-layout-align:center;}.wp-block-navigation ul{margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;margin-top:0;padding-left:0;}.wp-block-navigation ul,.wp-block-navigation ul li{list-style:none;padding:0;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item{align-items:center;display:flex;position:relative;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container:empty{display:none;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__content{display:block;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__content.wp-block-navigation-item__content{color:inherit;}.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-underline .wp-block-navigation-item__content,.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-underline .wp-block-navigation-item__content:active,.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-underline .wp-block-navigation-item__content:focus{text-decoration:underline;}.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-line-through .wp-block-navigation-item__content,.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-line-through .wp-block-navigation-item__content:active,.wp-block-navigation.has-text-decoration-line-through .wp-block-navigation-item__content:focus{text-decoration:line-through;}.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a{text-decoration:none;}.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a:active,.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a:focus{text-decoration:none;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{align-self:center;background-color:inherit;border:none;color:currentColor;display:inline-block;font-size:inherit;height:.6em;line-height:0;margin-left:.25em;padding:0;width:.6em;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon svg{display:inline-block;stroke:currentColor;height:inherit;margin-top:.075em;width:inherit;}.wp-block-navigation.is-vertical{--navigation-layout-direction:column;--navigation-layout-justify:initial;--navigation-layout-align:flex-start;}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{align-items:normal;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:0;left:-1px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:100%;transition:opacity .1s linear;visibility:hidden;width:0;z-index:2;}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container>.wp-block-navigation-item>.wp-block-navigation-item__content{display:flex;flex-grow:1;}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container>.wp-block-navigation-item>.wp-block-navigation-item__content .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{margin-left:auto;margin-right:0;}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-item__content{margin:0;}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:100%;top:-1px;}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container:before{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);content:"";display:block;height:100%;position:absolute;right:100%;width:.5em;}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{margin-right:.25em;}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon svg{transform:rotate(-90deg);}}.wp-block-navigation .has-child:not(.open-on-click):hover>.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation .has-child:not(.open-on-click):not(.open-on-hover-click):focus-within>.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:visible;visibility:visible;width:auto;}.wp-block-navigation.has-background .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:0;top:100%;}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-navigation.has-background .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:100%;top:0;}}.wp-block-navigation-submenu{display:flex;position:relative;}.wp-block-navigation-submenu .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon svg{stroke:currentColor;}button.wp-block-navigation-item__content{background-color:initial;border:none;color:currentColor;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:left;text-transform:inherit;}.wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle{cursor:pointer;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-page-list,.wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-close,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{gap:inherit;}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-background) .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.15);}.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{background-color:inherit;}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-text-color) .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{color:#000;}.wp-block-navigation__container{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-align,initial);display:flex;flex-direction:var(--navigation-layout-direction,initial);flex-wrap:var(--navigation-layout-wrap,wrap);justify-content:var(--navigation-layout-justify,initial);list-style:none;margin:0;padding-left:0;}.wp-block-navigation__container .is-responsive{display:none;}.wp-block-navigation__container:only-child,.wp-block-page-list:only-child{flex-grow:1;}@keyframes overlay-menu__fade-in-animation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(.5em);}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container{bottom:0;display:none;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container :where(.wp-block-navigation-item a){color:inherit;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-align,initial);display:flex;flex-direction:var(--navigation-layout-direction,initial);flex-wrap:var(--navigation-layout-wrap,wrap);justify-content:var(--navigation-layout-justify,initial);}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.is-menu-open.is-menu-open){background-color:inherit !important;color:inherit !important;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{animation:overlay-menu__fade-in-animation .1s ease-out;animation-fill-mode:forwards;background-color:inherit;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:auto;padding:clamp(1rem,var(--wp--style--root--padding-top),20rem) clamp(1rem,var(--wp--style--root--padding-right),20rem) clamp(1rem,var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom),20rem) clamp(1rem,var(--wp--style--root--padding-left),20em);z-index:100000;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{animation-delay:0s;animation-duration:1ms;}}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-justification-setting,inherit);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow:visible;padding-top:calc(2rem + 24px);}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-page-list{justify-content:flex-start;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon{display:none;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .has-child .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{border:none;height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:initial;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;position:static;visibility:visible;width:auto;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{gap:inherit;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{padding-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap,2em);}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation-item__content{padding:0;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation-item,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content .wp-block-page-list{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-justification-setting,initial);display:flex;flex-direction:column;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation-item,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation-item .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__container,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-page-list{background:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;color:inherit !important;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:auto;right:auto;}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.hidden-by-default):not(.is-menu-open){background-color:inherit;display:block;position:relative;width:100%;z-index:auto;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.hidden-by-default):not(.is-menu-open) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close{display:none;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{left:0;}}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-background) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{background-color:#fff;}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-text-color) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{color:#000;}.wp-block-navigation__toggle_button_label{font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:none;color:currentColor;cursor:pointer;margin:0;padding:0;text-transform:inherit;vertical-align:middle;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close svg,.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open svg{fill:currentColor;display:block;height:24px;pointer-events:none;width:24px;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open{display:flex;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open:not(.always-shown){display:none;}}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:2;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-close{width:100%;}.has-modal-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-close{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:var(--wp--style--global--wide-size,100%);}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-close:focus{outline:none;}.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-close,.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content,.is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{position:relative;}.has-modal-open .admin-bar .is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{margin-top:46px;}@media (min-width:782px){.has-modal-open .admin-bar .is-menu-open .wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog{margin-top:32px;}}html.has-modal-open{overflow:hidden;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__label{overflow-wrap:break-word;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__description{display:none;}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-page-list{align-items:var(--navigation-layout-align,initial);background-color:inherit;display:flex;flex-direction:var(--navigation-layout-direction,initial);flex-wrap:var(--navigation-layout-wrap,wrap);justify-content:var(--navigation-layout-justify,initial);}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item{background-color:inherit;}.is-small-text{font-size:.875em;}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em;}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em;}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em;}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em;}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden;}p.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit;}.wp-block-post-author{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;}.wp-block-post-author__byline{font-size:.5em;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;width:100%;}.wp-block-post-author__avatar{margin-right:1em;}.wp-block-post-author__bio{font-size:.7em;margin-bottom:.7em;}.wp-block-post-author__content{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1;}.wp-block-post-author__name{margin:0;}.wp-block-post-comments-form{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-weight] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-weight:inherit;}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-family] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-family:inherit;}.wp-block-post-comments-form[class*=-font-size] :where(.comment-reply-title),.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-size] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-size:inherit;}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=line-height] :where(.comment-reply-title){line-height:inherit;}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-style] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-style:inherit;}.wp-block-post-comments-form input[type=submit]{box-shadow:none;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-align:center;}.wp-block-post-comments-form input:not([type=submit]),.wp-block-post-comments-form textarea{border:1px solid #949494;font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;}.wp-block-post-comments-form input:not([type=submit]):not([type=checkbox]),.wp-block-post-comments-form textarea{padding:calc(.667em + 2px);}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form-cookies-consent{display:flex;gap:.25em;}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form-cookies-consent #wp-comment-cookies-consent{margin-top:.35em;}.wp-block-post-date{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;}.wp-block-post-excerpt__more-text{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap);}.wp-block-post-excerpt__more-link{display:inline-block;}.wp-block-post-featured-image{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}.wp-block-post-featured-image a{display:block;height:100%;}.wp-block-post-featured-image img{box-sizing:border-box;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;}.wp-block-post-featured-image.alignfull img,.wp-block-post-featured-image.alignwide img{width:100%;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim{background-color:#000;inset:0;position:absolute;}.wp-block-post-featured-image{position:relative;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-gradient{background-color:initial;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-0{opacity:0;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-10{opacity:.1;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-20{opacity:.2;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-30{opacity:.3;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-40{opacity:.4;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-50{opacity:.5;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-60{opacity:.6;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-70{opacity:.7;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-80{opacity:.8;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-90{opacity:.9;}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-100{opacity:1;}.wp-block-post-featured-image:where(.alignleft,.alignright){width:100%;}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-previous{display:inline-block;margin-right:1ch;}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-previous:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1);}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-next{display:inline-block;margin-left:1ch;}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-next:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1);}.wp-block-post-terms{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-post-terms .wp-block-post-terms__separator{white-space:pre-wrap;}.wp-block-post-time-to-read,.wp-block-post-title{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-post-title{word-break:break-word;}.wp-block-post-title a{display:inline-block;}.wp-block-preformatted{box-sizing:border-box;white-space:pre-wrap;}.wp-block-pullquote{box-sizing:border-box;overflow-wrap:break-word;padding:4em 0;text-align:center;}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote p{color:inherit;}.wp-block-pullquote p{margin-top:0;}.wp-block-pullquote p:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.wp-block-pullquote.alignleft,.wp-block-pullquote.alignright{max-width:420px;}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer{position:relative;}.wp-block-pullquote .has-text-color a{color:inherit;}.wp-block-pullquote.is-style-solid-color{border:none;}.wp-block-pullquote cite{color:inherit;}.wp-block-post-template{list-style:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;max-width:100%;padding:0;}.wp-block-post-template.wp-block-post-template{background:none;}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.25em;}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container>li{margin:0;width:100%;}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.alignright,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.alignright{float:right;margin-inline-end:0;margin-inline-start:2em;}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.alignleft,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.alignleft{float:left;margin-inline-end:2em;margin-inline-start:0;}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.aligncenter,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.aligncenter{margin-inline-end:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;}.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-next,.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-numbers,.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-previous{margin-bottom:.5em;margin-right:.5em;}.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-next:last-child,.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-numbers:last-child,.wp-block-query-pagination>.wp-block-query-pagination-previous:last-child{margin-right:0;}.wp-block-query-pagination.is-content-justification-space-between>.wp-block-query-pagination-next:last-of-type{margin-inline-start:auto;}.wp-block-query-pagination.is-content-justification-space-between>.wp-block-query-pagination-previous:first-child{margin-inline-end:auto;}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-previous-arrow{display:inline-block;margin-right:1ch;}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-previous-arrow:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1);}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-next-arrow{display:inline-block;margin-left:1ch;}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-next-arrow:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1);}.wp-block-query-pagination.aligncenter{justify-content:center;}.wp-block-query-title,.wp-block-quote{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-quote{overflow-wrap:break-word;}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)),.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)){margin-bottom:1em;padding:0 1em;}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p{font-size:1.5em;font-style:italic;line-height:1.6;}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer{font-size:1.125em;text-align:right;}.wp-block-quote>cite{display:block;}.wp-block-read-more{display:block;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}.wp-block-read-more:where(:not([style*=text-decoration])){text-decoration:none;}.wp-block-read-more:where(:not([style*=text-decoration])):active,.wp-block-read-more:where(:not([style*=text-decoration])):focus{text-decoration:none;}ul.wp-block-rss{list-style:none;padding:0;}ul.wp-block-rss.wp-block-rss{box-sizing:border-box;}ul.wp-block-rss.alignleft{margin-right:2em;}ul.wp-block-rss.alignright{margin-left:2em;}ul.wp-block-rss.is-grid{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;padding:0;}ul.wp-block-rss.is-grid li{margin:0 1em 1em 0;width:100%;}.wp-block-rss__item-author,.wp-block-rss__item-publish-date{display:block;font-size:.8125em;}.wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal;}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0;}.wp-block-search__button svg{height:1.25em;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;width:1.25em;fill:currentColor;vertical-align:text-bottom;}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%;}.wp-block-search__label{width:100%;}.wp-block-search__input{-webkit-appearance:initial;appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset !important;}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:0;max-width:100%;}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0 !important;transition-property:width;}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s;}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden;}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0 !important;border-right-width:0 !important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important;padding-right:0 !important;width:0 !important;}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px;}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none;}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto;}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-top:2px solid;}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots{background:none !important;border:none;height:auto;line-height:1;text-align:center;}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots:before{color:currentColor;content:"···";font-family:serif;font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:2em;padding-left:2em;}.wp-block-site-logo{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:0;}.wp-block-site-logo a{display:inline-block;line-height:0;}.wp-block-site-logo.is-default-size img{height:auto;width:120px;}.wp-block-site-logo img{height:auto;max-width:100%;}.wp-block-site-logo a,.wp-block-site-logo img{border-radius:inherit;}.wp-block-site-logo.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center;}.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded{border-radius:9999px;}.wp-block-site-title a{color:inherit;}.wp-block-social-links{background:none;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;text-indent:0;}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link a,.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link a:hover{border-bottom:0;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link a{padding:.25em;}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link svg{height:1em;width:1em;}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link span:not(.screen-reader-text){font-size:.65em;margin-left:.5em;margin-right:.5em;}.wp-block-social-links.has-small-icon-size{font-size:16px;}.wp-block-social-links,.wp-block-social-links.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:24px;}.wp-block-social-links.has-large-icon-size{font-size:36px;}.wp-block-social-links.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:48px;}.wp-block-social-links.aligncenter{display:flex;justify-content:center;}.wp-block-social-links.alignright{justify-content:flex-end;}.wp-block-social-link{border-radius:9999px;display:block;height:auto;transition:transform .1s ease;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.wp-block-social-link{transition-delay:0s;transition-duration:0s;}}.wp-block-social-link a{align-items:center;display:flex;line-height:0;transition:transform .1s ease;}.wp-block-social-link:hover{transform:scale(1.1);}.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link.wp-social-link{display:inline-block;margin:0;padding:0;}.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link.wp-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor,.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link.wp-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor svg,.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link.wp-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor:active,.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link.wp-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor:hover,.wp-block-social-links .wp-block-social-link.wp-social-link .wp-block-social-link-anchor:visited{color:currentColor;fill:currentColor;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link{background-color:#f0f0f0;color:#444;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-amazon{background-color:#f90;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-bandcamp{background-color:#1ea0c3;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-behance{background-color:#0757fe;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-codepen{background-color:#1e1f26;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-deviantart{background-color:#02e49b;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-dribbble{background-color:#e94c89;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-dropbox{background-color:#4280ff;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-etsy{background-color:#f45800;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-facebook{background-color:#1778f2;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-fivehundredpx{background-color:#000;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-flickr{background-color:#0461dd;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-foursquare{background-color:#e65678;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-github{background-color:#24292d;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-goodreads{background-color:#eceadd;color:#382110;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-google{background-color:#ea4434;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-gravatar{background-color:#1d4fc4;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-instagram{background-color:#f00075;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-lastfm{background-color:#e21b24;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-linkedin{background-color:#0d66c2;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-mastodon{background-color:#3288d4;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-medium{background-color:#02ab6c;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-meetup{background-color:#f6405f;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-patreon{background-color:#000;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-pinterest{background-color:#e60122;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-pocket{background-color:#ef4155;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-reddit{background-color:#ff4500;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-skype{background-color:#0478d7;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-snapchat{background-color:#fefc00;color:#fff;stroke:#000;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-soundcloud{background-color:#ff5600;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-spotify{background-color:#1bd760;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-telegram{background-color:#2aabee;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-threads,.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-tiktok{background-color:#000;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-tumblr{background-color:#011835;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-twitch{background-color:#6440a4;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-twitter{background-color:#1da1f2;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-vimeo{background-color:#1eb7ea;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-vk{background-color:#4680c2;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-wordpress{background-color:#3499cd;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-whatsapp{background-color:#25d366;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-x{background-color:#000;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-yelp{background-color:#d32422;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-youtube{background-color:red;color:#fff;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link{background:none;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link a{padding:0;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link svg{height:1.25em;width:1.25em;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-amazon{color:#f90;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-bandcamp{color:#1ea0c3;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-behance{color:#0757fe;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-codepen{color:#1e1f26;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-deviantart{color:#02e49b;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-dribbble{color:#e94c89;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-dropbox{color:#4280ff;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-etsy{color:#f45800;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-facebook{color:#1778f2;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-fivehundredpx{color:#000;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-flickr{color:#0461dd;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-foursquare{color:#e65678;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-github{color:#24292d;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-goodreads{color:#382110;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-google{color:#ea4434;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-gravatar{color:#1d4fc4;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-instagram{color:#f00075;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-lastfm{color:#e21b24;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-linkedin{color:#0d66c2;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-mastodon{color:#3288d4;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-medium{color:#02ab6c;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-meetup{color:#f6405f;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-patreon{color:#000;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-pinterest{color:#e60122;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-pocket{color:#ef4155;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-reddit{color:#ff4500;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-skype{color:#0478d7;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-snapchat{color:#fff;stroke:#000;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-soundcloud{color:#ff5600;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-spotify{color:#1bd760;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-telegram{color:#2aabee;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-threads,.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-tiktok{color:#000;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-tumblr{color:#011835;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-twitch{color:#6440a4;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-twitter{color:#1da1f2;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-vimeo{color:#1eb7ea;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-vk{color:#4680c2;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-whatsapp{color:#25d366;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-wordpress{color:#3499cd;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-x{color:#000;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-yelp{color:#d32422;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only .wp-social-link-youtube{color:red;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-pill-shape .wp-social-link{width:auto;}.wp-block-social-links.is-style-pill-shape .wp-social-link a{padding-left:.66667em;padding-right:.66667em;}.wp-block-social-links:not(.has-icon-color):not(.has-icon-background-color) .wp-social-link-snapchat .wp-block-social-link-label{color:#000;}.wp-block-spacer{clear:both;}.wp-block-tag-cloud{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-tag-cloud.aligncenter{justify-content:center;text-align:center;}.wp-block-tag-cloud.alignfull{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;}.wp-block-tag-cloud a{display:inline-block;margin-right:5px;}.wp-block-tag-cloud span{display:inline-block;margin-left:5px;text-decoration:none;}.wp-block-tag-cloud.is-style-outline{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1ch;}.wp-block-tag-cloud.is-style-outline a{border:1px solid;font-size:unset !important;margin-right:0;padding:1ch 2ch;text-decoration:none !important;}.wp-block-table{overflow-x:auto;}.wp-block-table table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid;}.wp-block-table tfoot{border-top:3px solid;}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{border:1px solid;padding:.5em;}.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout{table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout td,.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout th{word-break:break-word;}.wp-block-table.aligncenter,.wp-block-table.alignleft,.wp-block-table.alignright{display:table;width:auto;}.wp-block-table.aligncenter td,.wp-block-table.aligncenter th,.wp-block-table.alignleft td,.wp-block-table.alignleft th,.wp-block-table.alignright td,.wp-block-table.alignright th{word-break:break-word;}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#f3f4f5;}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-green-background-color{background-color:#e9fbe5;}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color{background-color:#e7f5fe;}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:#fcf0ef;}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes{background-color:initial;border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0;border-collapse:inherit;border-spacing:0;}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#f0f0f0;}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-light-gray-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#f3f4f5;}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-green-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#e9fbe5;}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#e7f5fe;}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-pink-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#fcf0ef;}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes td,.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes th{border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}.wp-block-table .has-border-color td,.wp-block-table .has-border-color th,.wp-block-table .has-border-color tr,.wp-block-table .has-border-color>*{border-color:inherit;}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style]>*{border-style:inherit;}.wp-block-term-description p{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;}.wp-block-text-columns,.wp-block-text-columns.aligncenter{display:flex;}.wp-block-text-columns .wp-block-column{margin:0 1em;padding:0;}.wp-block-text-columns .wp-block-column:first-child{margin-left:0;}.wp-block-text-columns .wp-block-column:last-child{margin-right:0;}pre.wp-block-verse{overflow:auto;white-space:pre-wrap;}.wp-block-video{box-sizing:border-box;}.wp-block-video video{vertical-align:middle;width:100%;}@supports (position:sticky){.wp-block-video [poster]{object-fit:cover;}}.wp-block-video.aligncenter{text-align:center;}.wp-block-video figcaption{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em;}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer;}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee;}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131;}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee;}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131;}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3);}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe);}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec);}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671);}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59);}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf);}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc);}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em;}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em;}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal);}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge);}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center;}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left;}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right;}.aligncenter{clear:both;}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal !important;}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip:auto !important;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000;}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid;}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%;}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px);}
By hoppt
Pe a faʻateʻa le maa lithium-ion, o lona voltage galue e suia i taimi uma i le faʻaauauina o le taimi. O le voluma galue o le maa o loʻo faʻaaogaina e pei o le ordinate, taimi faʻaalu, poʻo le gafatia, poʻo le tulaga o le totogi (SOC), poʻo le loloto o le faʻamalo (DOD) e pei o le abscissa, ma o le faʻasolo o loʻo tusia e taʻua o le faʻamalo. Ina ia malamalama i le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o le maa, e tatau ona tatou malamalama muamua i le voltage o le maa i le mataupu faavae.
Mo le tali eletise e fausia ai le maa e tatau ona ausia tulaga nei: o le faagasologa o le leiloa o le eletise i le gaioiga faʻamaʻi (ie oxidation process) ma le faagasologa o le mauaina o le electron (ie faʻaitiitia le faʻaogaina o gaioiga) e tatau ona vavae ese i vaega eseese e lua, lea e ese mai le tali masani redox; o le redox tali o le mea malosi o lua electrodes e tatau ona tuʻuina atu e le matagaluega fafo, lea e ese mai le tali microbattery i le faagasologa corrosion uamea. O le voltage o le maa o le eseesega lea i le va o le eletise lelei ma le eletise leaga. O faʻamaufaʻailoga autu faʻapitoa e aofia ai le voltage taʻavale tatala, voluma galue, totogi ma le faʻasaʻoina o le eletise tipi, ma isi.
Electrode gafatia e faasino i le faatofuina o se mea mautu i le electrolyte solution, e faʻaalia ai le eletise eletise, o lona uiga, o le eseesega gafatia i le va o le uʻamea ma le fofo. O lenei eseesega gafatia e taʻua o le gafatia o le uamea i le fofo poʻo le gafatia o le eletise. I se faapuupuuga, o le eletise eletise o se uiga mo se ion poʻo se atom e maua ai se eletise.
O le mea lea, mo se mea eletise lelei poʻo se mea eletise le lelei, pe a tuʻuina i totonu o se electrolyte ma se masima lithium, o lona eletise eletise e faʻaalia e pei o:
O le φ c o le malosiaga faaeletise o lenei mea. O le tulaga masani o le hydrogen electrode mafai ona seti e 0.0V.
O le malosi eletise o le maa o le tau faʻatatau lea e fuafua e tusa ai ma le tali a le maa e faʻaaoga ai le thermodynamic method, o lona uiga, o le eseesega i le va o le equilibrium electrode gafatia o le maa ma le lelei ma le le lelei electrodes pe a vavae le matagaluega o le tau maualuga. e mafai e le maa ona tuʻuina atu le voltage. O le mea moni, o le lelei ma le le lelei electrodes e le faapea i le thermodynamic equilibrium tulaga i le electrolyte, o lona uiga, o le electrode gafatia faatuina e le lelei ma le leaga electrodes o le maa i le electrolyte fofo e masani lava e le o le paleni electrode gafatia, o lea o le e masani lava ona la'ititi la'ititi la'ititi la'ititi o le ma'a fa'alatalata i lona malosi fa'aeletise. Mo le tali eletise:
Mafaufau i le tulaga e le masani ai o le vaega faʻafefe ma le gaioiga (poʻo le faʻatonuga) o le vaega galue i le aluga o taimi, o le eletise eletise tatala o le sela e suia e le faʻatusatusaga o le malosi:
O le R o le kesi tumau, T o le vevela o le tali, ma o le a o le vaega o le gaioiga poʻo le faʻatonuga. Ole eletise ole ta'avale ole maa e fa'alagolago i mea totino o mea eletise lelei ma le leaga, ole eletise ma tulaga o le vevela, ma e tutoatasi mai le geometry ma le tele o le maa. Lithium ion electrode mea saunia i totonu o le pou, ma le uʻamea lithium laupepa faʻapipiʻi i le faʻamau afa afa, e mafai ona fuaina le mea eletise i le tulaga SOC eseese o le voltage tatala, o le vaʻavaʻa o le voltage tatala o le tali atu a le setete o mea eletise eletise, o le teuina o le maa o le pa'ū matala tatala, ae e le tele tele, pe afai o le pa'ū volt matala vave tele po o le amplitude o se mea e le masani ai. O le suiga o le tulaga i luga o le bipolar ma le faʻaaogaina o le maa o mafuaʻaga autu ia mo le faʻaitiitia o le voltage taʻavale i totonu o le teuina, e aofia ai le suiga o le ufimata o le laulau mea eletise lelei ma le leaga; o le suiga e mafai ona mafua mai i le thermodynamic le mautu o le electrode, le faataapeina ma precipitation o uʻamea eleelea mai fafo, ma le micro short circuit mafua mai i le diaphragm i le va o electrodes lelei ma leaga. A oʻo ina matua le maa lithium ion, o le suiga o le tau K (voltage drop) o le faʻavaeina ma le faʻamautuina o le faʻagasologa o le ata SEI i luga o le mea eletise. Afai e tele tele le pa'ū o le voltage, o loʻo i ai se micro-short circuit i totonu, ma o le maa e faʻamasinoina e le agavaa.
A oʻo atu le taimi nei i totonu o le eletise, o le mea faʻapitoa e alu ese ai le eletise mai le paleni eletise eletise e taʻua o le polarization, ma o le polarization e maua ai le sili atu. E tusa ai ma mafuaʻaga o le polarization, o le polarization e mafai ona vaevaeina i le ohmic polarization, polarization concentration ma le electrochemical polarization. ATA. 2 o le taʻavale masani o le maa ma le aʻafiaga o polarization eseese i luga o le voltage.
Ata 1. Fa'asolo fa'asolo masani ma fa'aputuga
(1) Ohmic polarization: mafua mai i le tetee o vaega taitasi o le maa, o le tau o le mamafa e mulimuli i le tulafono a le ohm, o le taimi nei e faʻaitiitia, o le polarization e faʻaitiitia vave, ma o le taimi nei e mou atu i le taimi lava e uma ai.
(2) Electrochemical polarization: o le polarization e mafua mai i le faʻagesegese electrochemical tali i luga o le electrode luga. Na matua fa'aitiitia i totonu o le microsecond level a'o fa'aitiitia le taimi nei.
(3) Concentration polarization: ona o le tuai o le ion diffusion process i le vaifofo, o le eseesega o le faʻaogaina i le va o le pito i luga o le eletise ma le tino fofo o loʻo polarized i lalo o le taimi nei. O lenei polarization e faʻaitiitia pe mou atu aʻo faʻaitiitia le eletise eletise ile macroscopic sekone (nai sekone i le sefulu sekone).
O le tetee i totonu o le maa e faateleina i le faateleina o le tafe o le taimi nei o le maa, lea e mafua ona o le tele o le lafoaia o le taimi nei e faateleina ai le tulaga o le polarization o le maa, ma o le tele o le lafoaia o le taimi nei, o le sili atu ona manino le tulaga o le polarization, e pei ona faaalia. i le Ata 2. E tusa ai ma le tulafono a Ohm: V = E0-IRT, faatasi ai ma le faateleina o le tetee atoa i totonu RT, o le taimi e manaomia mo le voluma maa e oo atu i le lafoaia tipi-off voltage ua tutusa foi le faaitiitia, o lea e mafai ai foi ona tatala le gafatia. faaitiitia.
Ata 2. Aafiaga o le mamafa o loʻo i ai nei ile polarization
Lithium ion maa o se ituaiga o lithium ion concentration maa. O le faʻatonuga ma le faʻaaogaina o le lithium ion maʻa o le faʻagasologa lea o le faʻapipiʻiina ma le tapeina o ion lithium i le lelei ma le leaga eletise. O mea e a'afia ai le polarization o maa lithium-ion e aofia ai:
(1) Le aafiaga ole electrolyte: ole conductivity maualalo ole electrolyte o le mafuaaga autu mo le polarization o maa lithium ion. I le tulaga lautele o le vevela, o le conductivity o le electrolyte faʻaaogaina mo maa lithium-ion e masani lava naʻo le 0.01 ~ 0.1S / cm, o le tasi le pasene o le vaifofo vai. O le mea lea, pe a alu le maa lithium-ion i le maualuga o le taimi nei, ua tuai ona faʻaopoopo le Li + mai le electrolyte, ma o le a tupu le mea faʻapitoa. O le faʻaleleia o le faʻaogaina o le eletise o le mea autu lea e faʻaleleia ai le maualuga o le tuʻuina atu o maʻa lithium-ion.
(2) O le a'afiaga o mea lelei ma mea le lelei: o le umi o le auala o mea lelei ma mea leaga tele lithium ion particles fa'asalalauina i luga, lea e le fa'aogaina i le tele o le lafoa'i.
(3) Faʻatonu sui: o mea o loʻo i totonu o le sui faʻatonu o se mea taua e aʻafia ai le faʻatinoina o le faʻatinoina o le maualuga maualuga. Afai e le lava le mea o loʻo i totonu o le faʻatonuga o le cathode, e le mafai ona faʻafeiloaʻi le eletise i le taimi e faʻateʻa ai le tele o le taimi nei, ma faʻateleina le faʻalavelave i totonu, ina ia vave faʻaitiitia le voli o le maa i le tuʻuina atu o le volt. .
(4) O le aafiaga o le mamanu pou: pou mafiafia: i le tulaga o le tele o le lafoaia o loʻo i ai nei, o le saosaoa o gaioiga gaioiga e matua televave, lea e manaʻomia ai le lithium ion ia vave faʻapipiʻi ma tuʻu ese i totonu o mea. Afai e mafiafia le ipu pole ma faateleina le ala o le lithium ion diffusion, o le itu o le mafiafia o le pou o le a maua ai le tele o le lithium ion concentration gradient.
Compaction density: o le compaction density o le pou pou e tele atu, o le pore e laʻititi, ma o le ala o le lithium ion feʻaveaʻi i le pou pou mafiafia itu e umi atu. E le gata i lea, afai e tele naua le faʻapipiʻiina, o le faʻafesoʻotaʻi i le va o le meafaitino ma le electrolyte e faʻaitiitia, o le nofoaga e faʻafefe ai le eletise e faʻaitiitia, ma o le a faʻateleina foi le tetee i totonu o le maa.
(5) Le aʻafiaga o le SEI membrane: o le faʻavaeina o le membrane SEI e faʻateleina ai le tetee o le eletise / eletise eletise, e mafua ai le faʻaogaina o le eletise poʻo le polarization.
O le eletise galue, e taʻua foi o le voluma pito, e faasino i le eseesega i le va o le lelei ma le leaga electrodes o le maa pe a tafe le taimi nei i le matagaluega i le tulaga galue. I le tulaga galue o le lafoaia o le maa, pe a tafe le taimi nei i totonu o le maa, o le tetee e mafua mai i le tetee i totonu e tatau ona faatoilaloina, lea o le a mafua ai le pa'ū o le mamafa o le ohmic ma le electrode polarization, o le mea lea e maualalo ai le voluma galue nai lo le eletise eletise tatala, ma pe a molia, o le voltage pito e maualuga atu i taimi uma nai lo le eletise tatala. O lona uiga, o le iʻuga o le polarization e faʻaititia ai le voluma faʻaiʻu o le maʻa e alu ifo nai lo le eletise eletise o le maa, lea e maualuga atu nai lo le eletise eletise o le maa o loʻo pulea.
Ona o le i ai o le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi, o le voltage faʻafuaseʻi ma le voltage moni i le faagasologa o le totogi ma le lafoaia. Pe a faʻatonuina, o le voltage faʻafuaseʻi e sili atu le maualuga nai lo le voltage moni, e mou atu le polarization ma pa'ū le voltage pe a faʻaitiitia le voltage faʻafuaseʻi ma le voltage moni pe a maeʻa le lafoaia.
I le aotelega o le faʻamatalaga o loʻo i luga, o le faʻamatalaga e:
E +, E- - fai ma sui o le gafatia o le electrodes lelei ma le lelei, faasologa, E + 0 ma E- -0 fai ma sui o le paleni electrode gafatia o le lelei ma le lelei electrodes, faasologa, VR e fai ma sui o le ohmic polarization voltage, ma η + , η - -e faʻatusalia le tele o le malosi o le eletise lelei ma le leaga, i le faasologa.
Ina ua maeʻa se malamalamaga masani o le voltage maa, na amata ona matou suʻesuʻeina le faʻaogaina o maʻa lithium-ion. O le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o loʻo atagia mai ai le tulaga o le electrode, o le superposition o suiga o le setete o electrodes lelei ma leaga.
E mafai ona vaevaeina le laina eletise o maa lithium-ion i le faagasologa o le lafoaia e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni vaega se tolu
1) I le tulaga muamua o le maa, e vave ona pa'ū le voltage, ma o le tele o le faʻamalo, o le vave foi lea o le paʻu o le voltage;
2) O le voluma o le maa e ulu atu i se suiga lemu, lea e taʻua o le tulaga o le maa. O le la'ititi o le fua fa'alele,
O le umi o le umi o le nofoaga fa'avae, o le maualuga lea o le voltage platform, o le fa'agesegese o le pa'u o le voltage.
3) A toeitiiti uma le malosi o le maa, o le a amata ona pa'ū le mamafa o le mamafa o le maa seia oʻo ina oʻo i le eletise taofi.
I le taimi o suʻega, e lua auala e aoina ai faʻamatalaga
(1) Aoina faʻamatalaga o le taimi nei, voltage ma le taimi e tusa ai ma le taimi faatulagaina Δ t;
(2) Aoina faʻamaumauga o loʻo i ai nei, voltage ma taimi e tusa ai ma le seti suiga suiga o le voltage Δ V. O le saʻo o le faʻatonuina ma le faʻaaogaina o meafaigaluega e masani lava ona aofia ai le saʻo o le taimi nei, le saʻo o le voltage ma le taimi saʻo. O le laulau 2 o loʻo faʻaalia ai mea faʻapipiʻi o se masini faʻapipiʻi ma faʻaaogaina, lea o le% FS o loʻo faʻatusalia ai le pasene o le aofaʻi atoa, ma le 0.05% RD o loʻo faʻatatau i le fuaina o mea sese i totonu o le 0.05% o le faitauga. Totogi ma le faʻaaogaina meafaigaluega e masani ona faʻaaogaina le CNC faʻasolosolo puna o loʻo i ai nei nai lo le teteʻe o le uta mo le uta, ina ia leai se mea e fai ai le voluma o le maa i le faʻasologa o le tetee poʻo le tetee parasitic i le matagaluega, ae naʻo le fesoʻotaʻi ma le voltage E ma le teteʻe i totonu. r ma le taamilosaga I le taimi nei o le puna eletise lelei e tutusa ma le maa. Afai e faʻaaogaina le teteʻe mo le uta, faʻapipiʻi le voltage o le puna eletise lelei o le maa e tutusa ma le E, o le teteʻe i totonu o le r, ma le teteʻe o le uta o le R. Fua le voltage i pito uma e lua o le teteʻe o uta ma le voltage. mita, e pei ona faʻaalia i le ata o loʻo i luga i le Ata 6. Ae ui i lea, i le faʻatinoga, o loʻo i ai le taʻitaʻia o le taʻitaʻia ma le faʻapipiʻiina o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafesoʻotaʻi (uniform parasitic resistance) i le matagaluega. O le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atusa tutusa o lo'o fa'aalia ile ATA. 3 o loʻo faʻaalia i le ata o loʻo i lalo o le ATA. 3. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga, e le maalofia le faʻafeiloaʻi o le parasitic resistance, ina ia avea le aofaʻi o le mamafa o le mamafa, ae o le fua faʻatatau o le voltage i pito uma e lua o le avega R, o lea ua faʻaalia ai le mea sese.
Ata 3 O le fa'ata'otoga poloka poloka ma le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atusa tutusa o le auala e fa'ate'a ai le tete'e.
Pe a faʻaaogaina le faʻapogai o loʻo i ai nei ma le I1 o loʻo i ai nei e pei o le uta, o le ata schematic ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga tutusa tutusa o loʻo faʻaalia i le Ata 7. E, I1 o tau faʻaauau ma le r e tumau mo se taimi patino.
Mai le fua fa'atatau o lo'o i luga, e mafai ona tatou va'aia o le lua voluma o le A ma le B e tumau, o lona uiga, o le voluma gaosiga o le maa e le feso'ota'i ma le tele o le fa'asologa fa'asologa i le matasele, ma o le mea moni, e leai se mea e fai. faʻatasi ai ma le faʻamaʻi parasitic. E le gata i lea, o le fua fa'amaufa'ailoga e mafai ona ausia se fua sili atu ona sa'o o le voluma o le maa.
Ata 4 Fa'atusa poloka fa'ata'ita'i ma fa'atusa fa'atusa fa'ata'amilosaga o le uta fa'apogai pea
O le puna faʻatasi o se masini faʻapipiʻi eletise e mafai ona tuʻuina atu ai pea le taimi i le uta. E mafai lava ona fa'atumauina pea le gaosiga o lo'o i ai nei pe a fesuisuia'i le sapalai o le paoa i fafo ma suia uiga fa'aletonu.
E masani ona fa'aogaina masini su'esu'e mo le totogi ma le fa'asa'oina o le masini semiconductor e fai ma elemene tafe. E ala i le fetuutuunai o le faailo o le faʻaogaina o le masini semiconductor, e mafai ona faʻataʻitaʻiina se uta o uiga eseese e pei o le faʻaauau pea, mamafa faifai pea ma faʻasagaga faifai pea ma isi. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o le lithium-ion maʻa e masani ona aofia ai le faʻaogaina o le taimi nei, faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi, faʻamalo le malosi faifaipea, ma isi. e mafai ona vaevaeina le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi i le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi ma le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi. I le taimi o le suʻega faʻasalalau, e faʻamalo le maa e tusa ai ma le seti faʻatulagaina, ma taofi le faʻaaogaina pe a oʻo i tulaga faʻatulagaina. O tu'utu'uga o le fa'amalo e aofia ai le setiina o le eletise, le setiina o le taimi, le setiina o le malosi, le fa'atulagaina o le fa'agasologa o le eletise le lelei, ma isi. o le, o le suiga o le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o loʻo aʻafia foi i le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina, e aofia ai: faʻamalo i le taimi nei, vevela vevela, faʻamutaina faʻamutaina voltage; fa'atu'u pe fa'aauau pea. O le tele o le tafe o le taimi nei, o le vave foi lea o le pa'u o le voltage galue; fa'atasi ai ma le vevela o le fa'asa'o, e suia lemu le fa'asolo.
(1) Fa'aoso fa'asolo pea
A oʻo i le taimi nei le faʻaaogaina o le taimi nei, o le tau o loʻo i ai nei e setiina, ona oʻo lea i le tau o loʻo i ai nei e ala i le fetuʻunaʻi o le puna o loʻo i ai i le taimi nei CNC, ina ia iloa ai le faʻaaogaina o le maa. I le taimi lava e tasi, o le suiga o le voluma pito i tua o le maa e aoina e iloa ai uiga faʻamalolo o le maa. O le fa'aoso faifaipea o le tu'uina atu lea o le taimi lava lea e tasi, ae o lo'o fa'aauau pea le pa'u o le voli maa, o lea e fa'aauau pea ona pa'u le paoa. Ata 5 o le voltage ma le pi'o o lo'o i ai nei o le tu'uina atu pea o maa lithium-ion. Ona o le tuʻuina atu o le taimi nei, o le axis taimi e faigofie ona liua i le gafatia (le oloa o le taimi nei ma le taimi) axis. O le ata 5 o lo'o fa'aalia ai le fa'aogaina o le voltage-capacity curve i le fa'asolo atu pea o le taimi nei. Ole fa'ato'a fa'asolo o le taimi nei ole auala e fa'aaoga masani ai ile su'ega o le maa lithium-ion.
Ata 5 o lo'o fa'asolo pea i le taimi nei o lo'o fa'atonuina ma fa'asolo fa'asolo i taimi uma i fua fa'atele eseese
(2) Fa'asa'olotoga faifai pea
Pe a alu le malosi faifaipea, e seti muamua le tau o le mana tumau P, ma aoina le voluma eletise U o le maa. I le faʻagasologa o le lafoaia, e manaʻomia le P e faʻaauau pea, ae o loʻo suia pea le U, o lea e tatau ai ona faʻaauau le fetuutuunai o le taimi nei o le CNC o loʻo i ai pea le puna o loʻo i ai nei e tusa ai ma le fua I = P / U e ausia ai le faʻamoemoega o le faʻaaogaina o le malosi faifaipea. . Taofi le malosi o le lafoaia e le suia, aua o le voltage o le maa o loʻo faʻaauau pea ona paʻu i le taimi o le faʻamalo, o lea o loʻo faʻaauau pea le maualuga o le taimi nei i le faʻaogaina o le eletise. Ona o le faʻaaogaina pea o le mana, o le taimi faʻamaopoopo axis e faigofie ona liua i le malosi (le oloa o le mana ma le taimi) faʻamaopoopo axis.
Ata 6 Fa'asolo pea le paoa ma le fa'amalo o pi'o i fua fa'alua eseese
Fa'atusatusaga i le va o le tu'uina atu pea o le taimi nei ma le tu'uina atu pea o le malosi
Ata 7: (a) fa'ata'ita'iga o le gafatia o le fa'aveina ma le lafoa'i i fua eseese; (b) le fuaina ma le lafoaia
O le ata 7 o lo'o fa'aalia ai fa'ai'uga o su'ega tau fa'atatau ma fa'ata'ita'i i auala e lua o maa lithium iron phosphate. E tusa ai ma le agavaʻa faʻasolosolo i le FIG. 7 (a), faatasi ai ma le faateleina o le totogi ma le lafoaia o le taimi nei i le tulaga masani o loʻo i ai nei, o le totogi moni ma le faʻaaogaina o le maa e faasolosolo malie ona faʻaitiitia, ae o le suiga o suiga e laʻititi lava. O le totogi moni ma le lafoaia o le malosi o le maa e faasolosolo malie ona faʻaitiitia i le faʻateleina o le mana, ma o le tele o le faʻateleina, o le vave foi lea o le pala. O le 1 itula le gafatia o le lafoaia e maualalo ifo nai lo le faiga faifai pea. I le taimi lava e tasi, pe a maualalo le tau o le totogi-faʻasalalau nai lo le 5 h, o le malosi o le maa e maualuga atu i lalo o le tulaga o le mana tumau, ae o le malosi o le maa e maualuga atu nai lo le 5 h e maualuga atu i lalo o le tulaga masani.
Mai le ata 7 (b) o loʻo faʻaalia ai le agavaʻa-voltage curve, i lalo o le tulaga o le maualalo o le fua faatatau, lithium iron phosphate maa lua auala agavaʻa-voltage curve, ma le totogi ma le lafoaia o suiga o le voluma e le tele, ae i lalo o le tulaga maualuga maualuga, fa'asolo taimi-maualuga ala voltage o taimi voltage taimi umi tele, ma fa'atupu fa'aputuga voltage fa'atuputeleina tele, fa'aitiitiga tulaga fa'aola e matua fa'aitiitia.
(3) Fa'asa'oloto faifai pea
Pe a faʻateʻa faʻaauau le tetee, e faʻapipiʻi muamua le tau tetee tumau R e aoina ai le voluma o le maa U. I le taimi o le faʻaogaina, e manaʻomia le R e tumau, ae o loʻo suia pea le U, o le mea lea o loʻo i ai nei I le tau o le CNC tumau pea. puna e tatau ona fetuutuunai i taimi uma e tusa ai ma fua faatatau I = U / R ina ia ausia le faamoemoega o le lafoaia tetee faifai pea. O le voltage o le maa o loʻo faʻaitiitia i taimi uma i le faʻagasologa o le lafoaia, ma o le tetee e tutusa, o le mea lea o le faʻaaogaina o le taimi nei o loʻo faʻaitiitia foi le faagasologa.
(4) Fa'asa'oloto fa'aauau, fa'atu'u fa'afuase'i ma fa'atu'u fatu
O le maa o loʻo tuʻuina atu i taimi uma, malosi faifaipea ma faʻalavelave faifaipea, aʻo faʻaogaina le taimi faʻatulagaina e iloa ai le pulea o le faʻaauau pea, faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi ma le faʻaogaina o le pulupulu. O le ata 11 o lo'o fa'aalia ai pi'opi'o o lo'o i ai nei ma pi'o eletise o se su'ega masani o le fa'avelaina/tu'u atu.
Ata 8 Pi'o o lo'o i ai nei ma fa'avili eletise mo su'ega masani o le fa'aoso-fa'ave'esea
O le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina e faʻatatau i le faʻaogaina o le voltage, o loʻo i ai nei, gafatia ma isi suiga o le maa i le taimi i le taimi o le faʻamalo. O faʻamatalaga o loʻo i totonu o le faʻasalaga ma le faʻamalo e matuaʻi mauoa, e aofia ai le gafatia, malosi, voluma galue ma le voluma tulaga, le sootaga i le va o le eletise eletise ma le tulaga o le tau, ma isi. suiga o le taimi nei ma le voltage. E tele fa'amaufa'ailoga e mafai ona maua mai nei fa'amaumauga autu. O loʻo faʻamatalaina faʻamatalaga faʻamaufaʻailoga e mafai ona maua e le faʻaogaina o le faʻamalo.
(1) Malolosi
I le suʻega o le faʻaaogaina o le lithium ion maa, o faʻamaufaʻailoga eletise e masani lava ona aofia ai le voltage platform, median voltage, averesi voltage, tipi-off voltage, ma isi. , lea e mafai ona maua mai le tau maualuga o le dQ / dV. Ole fua ole vaeluagalemu ole tau ole voltage tutusa ole afa ole malosi ole maa. Mo mea e sili atu ona manino i luga o le faʻavae, e pei o le lithium iron phosphate ma le lithium titanate, o le vaeluagalemu o le voltage o le voltage platform. O le averesi voltage o le vaega aoga o le voluma-gafatia curve (ie, maa lafoai le malosi) vaevaeina e le gafatia fua fua faatatau o le u = U (t) * I (t) dt / I (t) dt. Ole voltage tipi e fa'atatau ile la'ititi la'ititi e fa'atagaina pe a alu le maa. Afai e maualalo le voltage nai lo le voltage tipi ese, o le voltage i pito uma e lua o le maa o le a vave ona paʻu, ma faʻatupu ai le tele o le lafoaia. O le tele o le sasa'a e mafai ona fa'aleagaina ai le mea o lo'o galue o le eletise, leiloa le gafatia e tali atu, ma fa'apu'upu'u le ola o le maa. E pei ona faʻamatalaina i le vaega muamua, o le voltage o le maa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le tulaga tau o le cathode mea ma le eletise eletise.
(2) Gafatia ma gafatia fa'apitoa
O le malosi o le maa e faʻatatau i le aofaʻi o le eletise na tuʻuina atu e le maa i lalo o se faʻaogaina o le tino (i lalo o se faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi I, vevela vevela T, faʻamalo tipi-off voltage V), e faʻaalia ai le gafatia o le maa e teu ai le malosi i Ah poʻo C O le gafatia e aafia i le tele o elemene, e pei o le lafoaia o le taimi nei, vevela vevela, ma isi. O le tele o le gafatia e fuafua i le aofaʻi o mea faʻamalosi i le eletise lelei ma le leaga.
Malosiaga fa'aa'oa'oga: o le malosi e tu'uina mai e le vaila'au malosi i le tali.
Malosiaga moni: o le gafatia moni ua fa'amatu'u atu i lalo o se faiga fa'ate'a.
Fa'atonuga: e fa'atatau i le aofa'i aupito maualalo o le paoa fa'amaonia e le ma'a i lalo o le fa'atonuga o le tu'uina atu.
I le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tuʻuina atu, o le gafatia e faʻatatauina e ala i le tuʻufaʻatasia o le taimi nei i luga o le taimi, e pei o C = I (t) dt, faʻaauau pea i le t faʻasalalau faifai pea, C = I (t) dt = I t; tetee faifaipea R lafoaia, C = I (t) dt = (1 / R) * U (t) dt (1 / R) * fafo (u o le averesi voltage lafoaia, t o le taimi lafoai).
Malosiaga faʻapitoa: Ina ia faʻatusatusa maa eseese, o le manatu o le gafatia faʻapitoa e faʻaalia. O le malosi fa'apitoa e fa'atatau i le malosi o lo'o tu'uina mai e le mea malosi o le iunite masini po'o le iunite voluma electrode, lea e ta'ua o le malosi fa'apitoa po'o le malosi fa'apitoa. Ole auala masani ole fa'atatau ole: malosi fa'apitoa = malosi fa'ato'a muamua le maa / (masima malosi * fua ole fa'aogaina o mea)
O mea e a'afia ai le malosi ole maa:
a. Le fa'aulu i le taimi nei o le maa: o le tele o le taimi nei, fa'aitiitia le gafatia o galuega;
e. Tu'u le vevela o le maa: a fa'aitiitia le vevela, fa'aitiitia le malosi o le gaosiga;
i. Le tu'u ese-off voltage o le maa: o le taimi fa'amuta ua fa'atulagaina e le mea eletise ma le tapula'a o le tali eletise lava ia e masani lava 3.0V po'o le 2.75V.
o. Totogi ma faʻasaʻo taimi o le maa: a maeʻa le tele o le faʻasalaga ma le faʻamalo o le maa, ona o le toilalo o mea eletise, o le a mafai e le maa ona faʻaitiitia le gafatia o le faʻamalo o le maa.
u. Tulaga o le tauina o le maa: fua faatatau o le tau, vevela, tipi tipi e aʻafia ai le gafatia o le maa, ma fuafua ai le gafatia o le lafoaia.
Metotia o le fuafuaina o le malosi maa:
Alamanuia eseese e eseese tulaga suega e tusa ai ma tulaga faigaluega. Mo maa lithium-ion mo oloa 3C, e tusa ai ma le tulaga faaleatunuu GB / T18287-2000 General Specification mo Lithium-ion Batteries mo Cellular Telephone, o le fuaina o le gafatia o le suega metotia o le maa e faapea: a) molia: 0.2C5A tau; b) faʻauluina: 0.2C5A faʻamalo; c) ta'amilosaga e lima, o le tasi e agava'a.
Mo le alamanuia taavale eletise, e tusa ai ma le tulaga faaleatunuu GB / T 31486-2015 Eletise Faatinoga Manaoga ma Suʻega Suʻega mo le Malosiaga Maa mo Taavale eletise, o le fua faʻatatau o le maa e faasino i le gafatia (Ah) faʻamalolo e le maa i le vevela o le potu. faʻatasi ai ma le 1I1 (A) faʻamalo i le taimi nei e oʻo atu ai i le voltage faʻamutaina, lea o le I1 o le 1 itula le faʻaaogaina o le taimi nei, o lona tau e tutusa ma C1 (A). Ole metotia ole su'ega:
A) I le vevela o le potu, taofi le voltage faifaipea pe a faʻapipiʻiina ma le faʻaauau pea o loʻo faʻatonuina i le faʻamutaina o le eletise faʻamaoti mai e le atinaʻe, ma taofi le molia pe a pa'ū le faʻamutaina o le taimi nei i le 0.05I1 (A), ma taofi le molia mo le 1h pe a uma. molia.
Bb) I le vevela o le potu, e faʻamalo le maa i le 1I1 (A) o loʻo i ai nei seia oʻo ina oʻo atu le faʻamalo i le voluma faʻamutaina o loʻo faʻamaonia i tulaga faʻapitoa tau pisinisi;
C) fuaina le gafatia o le lafoaia (fuaina e le Ah), fuafua le malosi faʻapitoa faʻamalo (fuaina ile Wh / kg);
3 o) Toe fai laasaga a) -) c) fa'alima. Afai o le eseesega tele o le 5 suʻega sosoo e itiiti ifo i le 3% o le malosi faʻatatau, o le suʻega e mafai ona maeʻa muamua ma o taunuuga o suʻega mulimuli e 3 e mafai ona averesi.
(3) Tulaga tau, SOC
O le SOC (State of Charge) o se tulaga o le totogi, e fai ma sui o le fua o le gafatia o totoe o le maa i lona tulaga atoa o le tauina pe a maeʻa se vaitaimi poʻo se taimi umi i lalo o se fua faʻatatau. O le metotia o le "volt-circuit voltage + hour-time integration" auala e faʻaaogaina ai le auala e faʻaogaina ai le eletise e faʻatatau i le tulaga muamua o le tau o le maa, ona faʻaaogaina lea o le itula-taimi auala tuʻufaʻatasia e maua ai le malosi e faʻaaogaina e le a -taimi fa'atasi auala. O le malosi e faʻaaogaina o le oloa lea o le faʻaaogaina o le taimi nei ma le taimi faʻaalu, ma o le malosi o loʻo totoe e tutusa ma le eseesega i le va o le mana muamua ma le mana faʻaaogaina. Ole fa'atatau ole matematika ole SOC ile va ole va'ava'a eletise matala ma le itula fa'atasi ole:
O le CN o lo'o fa'atatau le gafatia; η o le lelei o le faʻasalaga-faʻasalaga; T o le vevela e fa'aoga ai maa; O aʻu o le maa o loʻo i ai nei; t o le taimi e alu ese ai maa.
O le DOD (Depth of Discharge) o le loloto o le lafoaia, o se fuataga o le tikeri o le lafoaia, o le pasene lea o le gafatia o le lafoaia i le aofaʻi o le gafatia. O le loloto o le lafoaia e iai se sootaga lelei ma le ola o le maa: o le loloto o le loloto o le lafoaia, o le puupuu foi lea o le ola. O le mafutaga ua fuafuaina mo SOC = 100% -DOD
4) Malosiaga ma malosi faʻapitoa
O le malosi eletise e mafai e le maa ona gaosia e ala i le faia o galuega i fafo i lalo o nisi tulaga e taua o le malosi o le maa, ma o le iunite e masani ona faʻaalia i le wh. I le faʻaogaina o le alu, o le malosi e faʻatatauina e pei ona taua i lalo: W = U (t) * I (t) dt. I le tu'uina atu pea o lo'o i ai nei, W = I * U (t) dt = It * u (u o le averesi o le voli fa'asa'o, t o le taimi e fa'aalu ai)
a. Malosiaga fa'aa'oa'oga
O le faʻagasologa o le faʻaaogaina o le maa o loʻo i totonu o se tulaga paleni, ma o le voltage faʻasalalau e tumau ai le tau o le eletise eletise (E), ma le faʻaaogaina o le mea malosi o le 100%. I lalo o lenei tulaga, o le malosi o le gaosiga o le maa o le malosi faʻapitoa, o lona uiga, o le maualuga o galuega e faia e le maa toe faʻafoʻi i lalo ole vevela ma le mamafa.
e. Le malosi moni
O le malosi moni o le gaosiga o le maʻa e taʻua o le malosi moni, o tulafono a le alamanuia o taavale eletise ("GB / T 31486-2015 Power Battery Electrical Performance Requirements and Test Methods for electric Vehicles"), le maa i le vevela o le potu ma 1I1 (A. ) fa'amalo i le taimi nei, e o'o atu i le malosi (Wh) fa'amatu'u mai i le voluma fa'amutaina, e ta'ua o le malosi fa'atatau.
i. malosi faapitoa
O le malosi e tu'uina atu e se maa i le iunite le mamafa ma le iunite voluma e ta'ua o le malosi fa'apitoa po'o le malosi fa'apitoa, e ta'ua fo'i le malosi. I iunite wh/kg po'o wh/L.
O le fa'avae pito sili ona taua o le fa'amalo o le ta'amilosaga-taimi ma le taimi nei. E ala i le suiga o le faʻatusatusaga o le taimi, o le faʻamalo masani o loʻo i ai foi le voltage-capacity (specific capacity) curve, voltage-energy (specific energy) curve, voltage-SOC curve ma isi.
(1) Voltage-taimi ma le taimi nei curve
Ata 9 Voltage-taimi ma le taimi nei-taimi pi'o
(2) Pi'o malosi-voltage
Ata 10 Voltage-capacity curve
(3) Pi'o o le volta-malosi
Fa'ata Ata 11. Va'ava'a-malosi
tali i totonu ole 6 itula, so'o se fesili e talia!